the shark
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Learn more about the general info on sharks to sharpen your knowledge. Also featuring info on 28 specific species!
The more you learn, the more prepared you are for your future career!
The more you learn, the more prepared you are for your future career!
Shark Topics
shark facts
Learning more about Sharks by looking at the Basic Facts, Taxonomy, Anatomy, Habitat, Behaviour, Diet, Ecological Benefits and Conservation Efforts.
Basic Facts
Average Length |
20 cm to 17 m (8 in to 50 ft) |
Average Swimming Speed |
19 km/h (12 mph) |
Average Weight |
14 g to 21 tonnes (0.5 oz to 47,000 lbs) |
Distinguishing Features |
fish with dorsal fin, gills on the side of the head |
Average Lifespan |
20 to 30 years |
Conservation Status |
Mostly Vulderable |
Average Offspring |
1 to 100 pups |
Estimated Global Population |
Not all species estimated |
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: 10 different orders
Family: 34 Families
Genus: 104 Genera
Species: 512 species
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: 10 different orders
Family: 34 Families
Genus: 104 Genera
Species: 512 species
Anatomy of the Shark
Anatomy is the different parts of an organism (animal or plant) that work together to form the organism. It's also the study of these different parts and how they interact. Knowledge of the anatomy of animals is important for many animal related careers, especially if you are following a scientific career.
Body:
Sharks have a variety of body shapes. Most sharks have streamlined, torpedo-shaped bodies that glide easily through the water. Some bottom-dwelling sharks have flattened bodies that allow them to hide in the sand, and some have an elongated body shape.
Shark skin is made up of a series of scales. The upper side of a shark is generally dark to blend in with the water from above and their undersides are lighter colored to blend in with the lighter surface of the sea from below. This helps to camouflage them from predators and prey.
Shark skeletons are very different from those of bony fish and land animals. Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage and connective tissue. Cartilage is flexible and durable, very similar than the structure in human ears. Sharks also do not have rib cages.
Most sharks are cold-blooded (poikilothermic), meaning that their internal body temperature matches that of their environment.
Gills:
Like other fish, sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over their gills. While the shark is moving, water enters the mouth and flows out over the gills. This process is called ram ventilation. Most sharks need to keep swimming to allow for the ram ventilation to take place, but some species can rest for a while. During the rest period these sharks pump force water over the gills. This process of breathing is called buccal pumping.
Mouth:
Shark have around 40 teeth which are embedded in the gums, rather than directly to the jaw. They are may fall out at times and are constantly replaced throughout the life of the shark. Multiple rows of replacement teeth grow in a groove on the inside of the jaw and steadily move forward to replace lost teeth. It is believed that sharks can lose up to 30,000 teeth in their lifetime. Most sharks have about 5 rows of teeth at any time. The front set is the largest and does most of the work.
Tooth shape depends on the shark's diet: those that feed on mollusks and crustaceans have dense and flattened teeth used for crushing, those that feed on fish have needle-like teeth for gripping, and those that feed on larger prey such as mammals have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with serrated edges for cutting. The teeth of plankton-feeders such as the basking shark are small and non-functional.
Senses:
Sharks have the same senses as we do, plus a few extra.
A shark's sense of smell is highly evolved and can pick up one part per million of blood in seawater. They can also figure out the direction of a smell due to the location of their nostrils. Their nostrils are a distance from each other, which allows the timing of a scent into each nostril to be used to hone in on the prey.
Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas, though their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum. This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to it, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. Sharks can't distinguish colour, but they do see an object's contrast against the background.
Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey from many miles away.
Besides the normal senses, sharks can also detect electric currency in water. Prey produce an electric current, and the shark can catch prey by following this current. The shark picks up on currents through an organ called the Ampullae of Lorenzini, or the electroreceptor organs. There are hundreds to thousands of these organs in a shark. They may also use these organs, together with the electromagnetic field of the earth to navigate.
Fins:
Most sharks have up to eight fins. The fins are normally rigid (not flexible). A fin has rod like structures, called ceratotrichia, on the inside. These rods are similar to elastic keratin, the same material our nails and hair are made of. Sharks use the fins, together with an oily liver, to stay afloat. They are also used to drift away from objects directly in front of them, but can't help the shark to swim backwards.
Sharks have a variety of body shapes. Most sharks have streamlined, torpedo-shaped bodies that glide easily through the water. Some bottom-dwelling sharks have flattened bodies that allow them to hide in the sand, and some have an elongated body shape.
Shark skin is made up of a series of scales. The upper side of a shark is generally dark to blend in with the water from above and their undersides are lighter colored to blend in with the lighter surface of the sea from below. This helps to camouflage them from predators and prey.
Shark skeletons are very different from those of bony fish and land animals. Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage and connective tissue. Cartilage is flexible and durable, very similar than the structure in human ears. Sharks also do not have rib cages.
Most sharks are cold-blooded (poikilothermic), meaning that their internal body temperature matches that of their environment.
Gills:
Like other fish, sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over their gills. While the shark is moving, water enters the mouth and flows out over the gills. This process is called ram ventilation. Most sharks need to keep swimming to allow for the ram ventilation to take place, but some species can rest for a while. During the rest period these sharks pump force water over the gills. This process of breathing is called buccal pumping.
Mouth:
Shark have around 40 teeth which are embedded in the gums, rather than directly to the jaw. They are may fall out at times and are constantly replaced throughout the life of the shark. Multiple rows of replacement teeth grow in a groove on the inside of the jaw and steadily move forward to replace lost teeth. It is believed that sharks can lose up to 30,000 teeth in their lifetime. Most sharks have about 5 rows of teeth at any time. The front set is the largest and does most of the work.
Tooth shape depends on the shark's diet: those that feed on mollusks and crustaceans have dense and flattened teeth used for crushing, those that feed on fish have needle-like teeth for gripping, and those that feed on larger prey such as mammals have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with serrated edges for cutting. The teeth of plankton-feeders such as the basking shark are small and non-functional.
Senses:
Sharks have the same senses as we do, plus a few extra.
A shark's sense of smell is highly evolved and can pick up one part per million of blood in seawater. They can also figure out the direction of a smell due to the location of their nostrils. Their nostrils are a distance from each other, which allows the timing of a scent into each nostril to be used to hone in on the prey.
Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas, though their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum. This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to it, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. Sharks can't distinguish colour, but they do see an object's contrast against the background.
Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey from many miles away.
Besides the normal senses, sharks can also detect electric currency in water. Prey produce an electric current, and the shark can catch prey by following this current. The shark picks up on currents through an organ called the Ampullae of Lorenzini, or the electroreceptor organs. There are hundreds to thousands of these organs in a shark. They may also use these organs, together with the electromagnetic field of the earth to navigate.
Fins:
Most sharks have up to eight fins. The fins are normally rigid (not flexible). A fin has rod like structures, called ceratotrichia, on the inside. These rods are similar to elastic keratin, the same material our nails and hair are made of. Sharks use the fins, together with an oily liver, to stay afloat. They are also used to drift away from objects directly in front of them, but can't help the shark to swim backwards.
Habitat
Habitat is the place animals occur, looking at the different countries and regions, as well as the kind of ecosystem the animals prefer to stay in. It also looks at the home range of certain animals (the area an animal lives and moves around in every day). It's important to understand where certain animals live, as it could determine which careers to follow, if you want to work directly with these animals.
Distribution:
Sharks are found in all seas across the world.
Territory Range:
Sharks are found in all seas across the world.
Territory Range:
- Local sharks - these sharks do not migrate, and range only about a hundred miles from their habitat.
- Coastal pelagic sharks - these sharks can migrate over 1,600 kilometers (1,000 mi) along coastlines.
- Highly pelagic sharks - these sharks migrate long distances, across oceans.
Habitat:
The main habitat of sharks is salt waters. They generally do not live in fresh water, with a few exceptions such as the bull shark and the river shark which can swim both in seawater and freshwater. Some live in shallow areas or near the coast, but others prefer to live in the open sea, in deep waters and even on the ocean floor.
The main habitat of sharks is salt waters. They generally do not live in fresh water, with a few exceptions such as the bull shark and the river shark which can swim both in seawater and freshwater. Some live in shallow areas or near the coast, but others prefer to live in the open sea, in deep waters and even on the ocean floor.
Behaviour
Animal Behavior is the scientific study of the ways in which animals interact with each other, with other living beings, and with the environment. The knowledge of the behaviour of the species you want to work with is important. Knowledge of animal behaviour forms the foundation of almost all known animal related careers.
Temperament:
Depending on the specific species, sharks can be solitary, preferring to hunt alone, or stay in groups or schools. Sharks have been seen to display cooperative (working together) behaviour, and they do tend to be curious animals.
Movement:
Some sharks swim by propelling itself through the water using its tail. The body is used to steer and the fins are used for balance. Other sharks, like the whale shark, move their bodies from side to side to propel themselves through the water. Most species tend to be more active during dawn and into the night. All sharks need to keep water flowing over their gills in order for them to breathe. Depending on the species, most need to keep swimming, while a few can stay still and push water over their gills. Those that need to continue swimming also sleep (or rest) while swimming. Although it's not the kind of sleep we know. Sharks also go through active and inactive periods.
Communication:
Sharks don't have organs to produce sound, so they communicate largely through body movement and the detection of low frequencies or electrical currents in the water. They use a special organs called the Lorenzini Ampoules to pick up these electrical currents. In groups they can communicate with each other either by sight or by arching their bodies. Other forms of body language includes zigzag swimming, head shaking, hunched backs, and head butts.
Reproduction:
Sharks reproduce through internal fertilization, and gestation can take from five months to two years. They give birth to one or two pups at a time. The pups are born with teeth and can swim away to fend for themselves.
The different species of sharks produce their young in one of three ways - through oviparity, viviparity and ovoviviparity.
Ovoviviparous:
Most sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning that they produce eggs, but the eggs hatch inside of the mother. They are then fed through the remains of the egg yolk and special fluid formed inside the mother. As soon as the young are large enough, the mother gives live birth.
Viviparous:
In some sharks the young are born alive, without going through the egg stage. In this kind of birth the young are fed inside the mother.
Oviparous:
In oviparous sharks, the female is still impregnated internally by the male, but the fertilized eggs are pushed out in a kind of egg case. The egg case is strong enough to keep the developing young safe. The egg case is also called a mermaid's purse.
Depending on the specific species, sharks can be solitary, preferring to hunt alone, or stay in groups or schools. Sharks have been seen to display cooperative (working together) behaviour, and they do tend to be curious animals.
Movement:
Some sharks swim by propelling itself through the water using its tail. The body is used to steer and the fins are used for balance. Other sharks, like the whale shark, move their bodies from side to side to propel themselves through the water. Most species tend to be more active during dawn and into the night. All sharks need to keep water flowing over their gills in order for them to breathe. Depending on the species, most need to keep swimming, while a few can stay still and push water over their gills. Those that need to continue swimming also sleep (or rest) while swimming. Although it's not the kind of sleep we know. Sharks also go through active and inactive periods.
Communication:
Sharks don't have organs to produce sound, so they communicate largely through body movement and the detection of low frequencies or electrical currents in the water. They use a special organs called the Lorenzini Ampoules to pick up these electrical currents. In groups they can communicate with each other either by sight or by arching their bodies. Other forms of body language includes zigzag swimming, head shaking, hunched backs, and head butts.
Reproduction:
Sharks reproduce through internal fertilization, and gestation can take from five months to two years. They give birth to one or two pups at a time. The pups are born with teeth and can swim away to fend for themselves.
The different species of sharks produce their young in one of three ways - through oviparity, viviparity and ovoviviparity.
Ovoviviparous:
Most sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning that they produce eggs, but the eggs hatch inside of the mother. They are then fed through the remains of the egg yolk and special fluid formed inside the mother. As soon as the young are large enough, the mother gives live birth.
Viviparous:
In some sharks the young are born alive, without going through the egg stage. In this kind of birth the young are fed inside the mother.
Oviparous:
In oviparous sharks, the female is still impregnated internally by the male, but the fertilized eggs are pushed out in a kind of egg case. The egg case is strong enough to keep the developing young safe. The egg case is also called a mermaid's purse.
Diet
The different kinds of animals have different kinds of diets. What they eat, how they acquire their food, and the ways they eat are important to understand animals. Certain careers focus primarily on the dietary habits and requirements of animals, such as Nutritionists.
Prey:
Most sharks are carnivorous, eating things like fish, crustaceans, mollusks, plankton, krill, marine mammals and other sharks. However, there are a few species that have evolved to feed on plankton, such as the basking sharks, whale sharks, and megamouth sharks.
Hunting Methods:
Carnivorous sharks hunt and ambush their prey. Filter feeders, such as whale sharks take in huge amounts of water to sift the plankton for eating.
Feeding Methods:
Digestion can take a long time. The food moves from the mouth to a J-shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs. Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth. Those that feed on plankton (filter feeders) trap the plankton in filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls.
Most sharks are carnivorous, eating things like fish, crustaceans, mollusks, plankton, krill, marine mammals and other sharks. However, there are a few species that have evolved to feed on plankton, such as the basking sharks, whale sharks, and megamouth sharks.
Hunting Methods:
Carnivorous sharks hunt and ambush their prey. Filter feeders, such as whale sharks take in huge amounts of water to sift the plankton for eating.
Feeding Methods:
Digestion can take a long time. The food moves from the mouth to a J-shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs. Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth. Those that feed on plankton (filter feeders) trap the plankton in filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls.
Ecological Benefits
Everything in nature is there for a reason, and work together to form balance. If one species is removed, it could create problems in the lives of others, and the ecosystem could collapse. Knowledge of the ecological advantages of each species is important, and leads to an understanding of the importance of conservation efforts. Careers in conservation, education and scientific study focus a lot on ecological benefits.
Population Control:
As sharks feed on other fish, they keep the populations of other fish healthy and in proper proportion for their ecosystem.
As sharks feed on other fish, they keep the populations of other fish healthy and in proper proportion for their ecosystem.
Conservation
Conservation means to protect and care for species (whether plants or animals). It's about understanding the importance of each and every species, and wanting them to live free and healthy in their wild environment. There are many conservation related careers, spanning across education, scientific studies, animal health, law and enforcement. Most conservation careers are connected to animal organizations, such as zoos, national parks, aquariums, game parks etc.
Status:
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) lists 64 species, one-third of all oceanic shark species, as being at risk of extinction due to fishing and shark finning. The IUCN Red List assessments classified all but one of the 16 warm-water flat shark species as Critically Endangered with declines of more than 80 percent over the past 30 to 45 years.
Threats:
Sharks are generally seen as apex predators, but they are preyed upon by Orcas (Killer Whales) that share the same area. The main threat for sharks are humans. It is estimated that 100 million sharks are killed by people every year, due to commercial fishing and shark finning. Shark finning is where the shark is caught only for its fins. Other threats include habitat damage, pollution and marine by-catch (animals caught unintentionally by fishing nets, including non-target species and undersized fish).
Conservation Attempts:
With so many sharks species at risk of extinction, drastic measures were required to protect them. A number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were established with the aim to conserve sharks and promote the conservation and effective management of their habitats or marine areas. Most of the MPAs are a collaboration between civil society, communities and governments to ensure that specific species are kept safe and allowed to live and breed without direct human related threats. The MPAs also restrict or prohibit fishing in the area to ensure that fish and other marine life on which the sharks are dependent for survival, are not over fished, or that sharks might also be caught in the nets as a bycatch.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) lists 64 species, one-third of all oceanic shark species, as being at risk of extinction due to fishing and shark finning. The IUCN Red List assessments classified all but one of the 16 warm-water flat shark species as Critically Endangered with declines of more than 80 percent over the past 30 to 45 years.
Threats:
Sharks are generally seen as apex predators, but they are preyed upon by Orcas (Killer Whales) that share the same area. The main threat for sharks are humans. It is estimated that 100 million sharks are killed by people every year, due to commercial fishing and shark finning. Shark finning is where the shark is caught only for its fins. Other threats include habitat damage, pollution and marine by-catch (animals caught unintentionally by fishing nets, including non-target species and undersized fish).
Conservation Attempts:
With so many sharks species at risk of extinction, drastic measures were required to protect them. A number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were established with the aim to conserve sharks and promote the conservation and effective management of their habitats or marine areas. Most of the MPAs are a collaboration between civil society, communities and governments to ensure that specific species are kept safe and allowed to live and breed without direct human related threats. The MPAs also restrict or prohibit fishing in the area to ensure that fish and other marine life on which the sharks are dependent for survival, are not over fished, or that sharks might also be caught in the nets as a bycatch.
Well-designed Marine Protected Areas and the protection of critical habitat can provide substantial benefits for conservation. By 2018 there were 38 of these areas, covering around 6% of the world’s oceans.
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture (CSTFA) at James Cook University have put together A Practical Guide to the Effective Design and Management of MPAs for Sharks and Rays, which discusses the importance of MPAs, how they are created, as well as research conducted on this initiative. You may download a free copy of this Guide by visiting the website hosted by the WWF. Zoological Care: |
search for a specific species of shark
fun content for juniors
Weird and Wonderful Facts
- The skeleton of sharks does not contain any bones, but is made of a hard material called cartilage
- Sharks have no organs to produce sound
- Whale sharks are not only the largest shark species; they are also the largest fish in the world
- Some sharks can hear prey up to 1 kilometer (3,000 feet) away
- Shark skin is rough and feels like sandpaper
- Sharks can drown if they swim backwards. Their gills, for breathing, only allows water flowing from the front
- A shark swims upright because of a very oily liver. Without it they would topple over the whole time
Different careers and how to prepare
This Section is what One Zoo Tree is all about. Looking into the different Careers available in working with sharks, and how you can create your own career preparation path. This means that you can learn what each of the Careers are about, how to prepare while still in school, as well as find and interact with all the different organizations that work with sharks to help you gain experience.
Different Careers in working with Sharks
Here is a short list of possible careers that you can follow if you want to work with Sharks. You can also read up on all the different fish related Careers on the Working with Fish page.
Over 300 careers and 1,000 connected animal species are currently being loaded onto the OZT website, and will take some time to finalize
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How do I prepare while still in School?
If you want to work with Sharks, it's never too early to start learning and preparing for your future career! Here are a few steps you can take:
STUDY (While still in school)
The first step begins with you! Working with animals requires knowledge and good marks. Study hard in ALL your subjects. Learning about the career you want to follow and the different species you will work with is also important. Learning and understanding the different definitions used when describing a group or specific species, while still in school, gives you a great advantage when studying further at University or College.
STUDY (While still in school)
The first step begins with you! Working with animals requires knowledge and good marks. Study hard in ALL your subjects. Learning about the career you want to follow and the different species you will work with is also important. Learning and understanding the different definitions used when describing a group or specific species, while still in school, gives you a great advantage when studying further at University or College.
READ
Read as much as possible about the career and the species you want to follow and work with. There are thousands of books, magazines and websites you can use as reference. Remember that some of the websites will offer a subscription to their Newsletter, which keeps members regularly informed. |
Best Website Links: |
WATCH
Watch as many of the nature shows on TV as possible. They always have new and informative topics that will teach you about the career and animals you love. There are also good Youtube videos available.
JOIN
Find clubs and societies that will allow junior members. The best clubs are hosted by local aquariums and research institutes. But don't limit your search to your area or country, as there are excellent opportunities worldwide. Local clubs might also have regular outings to join or free information sessions by experts.
WRITE
Research forms a very important part of working with animals. To get used to researching specific species and their behaviors, keep a good research journal. Write down the amazing facts that you come across and build your own database. Research journals will always be useful during field work.
FIELD WORK:
The best and most important part about learning about the species you want to work with, is to go outdoors and interact with them. In the case of sharks, it's obviously a little bit tricky, but you may learn a lot about their movement and feeding behaviours by visiting the nearest aquarium. The Shark Trust also started a wonderful shark egg case hunt where you can go search for these egg cases along the beach and then contact them with your find. The data of all the finds is used to further shark science. Always take notes in your journal and lots of photos!
EXPERIENCE
Experience is extremely important, and compulsory in most animal related careers. Read more about our Experience Programme below.
Watch as many of the nature shows on TV as possible. They always have new and informative topics that will teach you about the career and animals you love. There are also good Youtube videos available.
JOIN
Find clubs and societies that will allow junior members. The best clubs are hosted by local aquariums and research institutes. But don't limit your search to your area or country, as there are excellent opportunities worldwide. Local clubs might also have regular outings to join or free information sessions by experts.
WRITE
Research forms a very important part of working with animals. To get used to researching specific species and their behaviors, keep a good research journal. Write down the amazing facts that you come across and build your own database. Research journals will always be useful during field work.
FIELD WORK:
The best and most important part about learning about the species you want to work with, is to go outdoors and interact with them. In the case of sharks, it's obviously a little bit tricky, but you may learn a lot about their movement and feeding behaviours by visiting the nearest aquarium. The Shark Trust also started a wonderful shark egg case hunt where you can go search for these egg cases along the beach and then contact them with your find. The data of all the finds is used to further shark science. Always take notes in your journal and lots of photos!
EXPERIENCE
Experience is extremely important, and compulsory in most animal related careers. Read more about our Experience Programme below.
How do I gain valuable Experience?
If you are thinking about working with animals one day, and specifically with Sharks, you urgently need to gain some experience! Most Universities, Colleges and animal organizations are looking at some form of experience to allow acceptance and a good job.
You can gain experience by:
Important Organizations working with Sharks: |
Where do you find all of these organizations?
Right here through our Experience Programme where we have the details of thousands of different animal organizations. Join the Experience Programme for free! |
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Why contribute to the information on this species?
We need to present the children with the facts that will allow them to make proper career decisions, and not just fill a page to get visitors. There are thousands of websites dealing with Sharks as a species, and many conflict in information. Factual info as well as links to careers are vital to the success of the OZT mapping software. As experts knowledgeable in this species, we have an obligation to guide children on the right path. Please feel free to contribute any information that you feel might be important to assist in creating a factual, beneficial career preparation path.
You may contribute through:
We need to present the children with the facts that will allow them to make proper career decisions, and not just fill a page to get visitors. There are thousands of websites dealing with Sharks as a species, and many conflict in information. Factual info as well as links to careers are vital to the success of the OZT mapping software. As experts knowledgeable in this species, we have an obligation to guide children on the right path. Please feel free to contribute any information that you feel might be important to assist in creating a factual, beneficial career preparation path.
You may contribute through:
- A direct message of up to 1000 words
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Expert Contributors
As One Zoo Tree remains a crowd sourced platform, we would like to personally thank the experts that took the time and made resources available to ensure that the Shark Page remains factually correct, updated and the best resource for our children to learn everything about related Careers.
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